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I was reading an article “Anabolic Steroid Abuse and Dependence” by Kirk J. Brower, MD Current Psychiatry Reports 2002, 4:377-387 and they had these articles referenced on steroids. Looks like a good resource below.
Recently published papers of particular interest have been highlighted as:
* Of importance
** Of major importance
1. Conway AJ, et al.: Use, misuse and abuse of androgens. The Endocrine Society of Australia consensus guidelines for androgen prescribing. Med J Aust 2000, 172:220-224.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
2. Shahidi NT: A review of the chemistry, biological action, and clinical applications of anabolic-androgenic steroids. Clin Ther 2001, 23:1355-1390.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
3. Basaria S: Clinical review 138: Anabolic-androgenic steroid therapy in the treatment of chronic diseases. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001, 86:5108-5017.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
4. Polsky B: HIV-associated wasting in the HAART era: guidelines for assessment, diagnosis, and treatment. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2001, 15:411-423.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
5. Langer CJ: Clinical significance of weight loss in cancer patients: rationale for the use of anabolic agents in the treatment of cancer-related cachexia. Nutrition 2001, 17(suppl):S1-S20.
6. Morton R: Psychiatric effects of anabolic steroids after burn injuries. Psychosomatics 2000, 41:66-68.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
7. Hart DW, et al.: Anabolic effects of oxandrolone after severe burn. Ann Surg 2001, 233:556-564.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
8. Ferreira I: Nutritional intervention in COPD: a systematic overview. Chest 2001, 119:353-363.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
9. Morley JE: Testosterone replacement in older men and women. J Gend Specif Med 2001, 4:49-53.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
10. Midgley SJ: Dependence-producing potential of anabolic-androgenic steroids. Addict Res 1999, 7:539-550.
11.* Brower KJ: Anabolic steroids: potential for physical and psychological dependence. In Anabolic Steroids in Sport and Exercise. Edited by Yesalis CE. Champaign: Human Kinetics; 2000: 280-304.
A detailed and comprehensive review of the literature on AAS dependence, including evidence, course, predictors, and mechanisms.
12. Copeland J: Anabolic-androgenic steroid use disorders among a sample of Australian competitive and recreational users. Drug Alcohol Depend 2000, 60:91-96.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
13. Midgley SJ, et al.: Risk behaviors for HIV and hepatitis infection among anabolic-androgenic steroid users. AIDS Care 2000, 12:163-170.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
14. Gruber AJ: Psychiatric and medical effects of anabolic-androgenic steroid use in women. Psychother Psychosom 2000, 69:19-26.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
15. O'Sullivan AJ, et al.: Anabolic-androgenic steroids: medical assessment of present, past and potential users. Med J Aust 2000, 173:323-327.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
16. Nilsson S: Trends in the misuse of androgenic anabolic steroids among boys 16-17 years old in a primary health care area in Sweden. Scand J Prim Health Care 2001, 19:181-182.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
17. Irving LM: Steroid use among adolescents: findings from Project EAT. J Adolesc Health 2002, 30:243-252.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
18. Wichstrom L: Use of anabolic-androgenic steroids in adolescence: winning, looking good or being bad? J Stud Alcohol 2001, 62:5-13.
19. Kindlundh AM: Adolescent use of anabolic-androgenic steroids and relations to self- reports of social, personality and health aspects. Eur J Public Health 2001, 11:322-328.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
20. Johansson P: Anabolic androgenic steroids affects alcohol intake, defensive behaviors and brain opioid peptides in the rat. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2000, 67:271-279.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
21. Arvary D: Anabolic-androgenic steroids as a gateway to opioid dependence. N Engl J Med 2000, 342:1532.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
22.* Thiblin I: Cause and manner of death among users of anabolic androgenic steroids. J Forensic Sci 2000, 45:16-23.
This article well documents the influence of psychiatric factors on premature mortality in AAS users. Suicide, homicide, reckless driving, and mixed drug abuse accounted for all 34 cases described.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
23. Clark AS: Anabolic-androgenic steroids and brain reward. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1996, 53:741-745.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
24. Manoharan G: Syncopal episodes in a young amateur body builder. Br J Sports Med 2002, 36:67-68.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
25. Long SF: The effects of nandrolone decanoate on cocaine-induced kindling in male rats. Neuropharmacology 2000, 39:2442-2447.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
26. Phillis BD: Combined cardiac effects of cocaine and the anabolic steroid, nandrolone, in the rat. Eur J Pharmacol 2000, 398:263-272.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
27.* Kutscher EC: Anabolic steroids: a review for the clinician. Sports Med 2002, 32:285-296.
An up to-date overview of the topic for practicing physicians.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
28.** Yesalis CE: Anabolic Steroids in Sport and Exercise. Champaign: Human Kinetics; 2000.
An excellent compilation of well-referenced chapters that cover the full spectrum of AAS-related topics including history, epidemiology, effects on performance, medical and psychiatric consequences, drug testing, prevention, assessment and treatment, and legal aspects. Another chapter is devoted to the use and effects of AAS in women.
29. Pope HG Jr: Anabolic-androgenic steroid abuse. In Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry. Edited by Sadock BJ, Sadock VA. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2000: 1085-1095.
30.* Parssinen M: Steroid use and long-term health risks in former athletes. Sports Med 2002, 32:83-94.
Details information that is useful for informing and counseling potential and current users of AAS.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
31. Torres-Calleja J, et al.: Effect of androgenic anabolic steroids on sperm quality and serum hormone levels in adult male bodybuilders. Life Sci 2001, 68:1769-1774.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
32. Babigian A: Management of gynecomastia due to use of anabolic steroids in bodybuilders. Plast Reconstr Surg 2001, 107:240-242.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
33. Zaugg M, et al.: Anabolic-androgenic steroids induce apoptotic cell death in adult rat ventricular myocytes. J Cell Physiol 2001, 187:90-95.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
34. Haupt HA: Upper extremity injuries associated with strength training. Clin Sports Med 2001, 20:481-490.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
35. Parssinen M, et al.: Increased premature mortality of competitive powerlifters suspected to have used anabolic agents. Int J Sports Med 2000, 21:225-227.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
36. Bahrke MS: Psychological effects of endogenous testosterone and anabolic-androgenic steroids. In Anabolic Steroids in Sport and Exercise. Edited by Yesalis CE. Champaign: Human Kinetics; 2000: 247-278.
37.* Pope HG Jr: Effects of supraphysiologic doses of testosterone on mood and aggression in normal men: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000, 57:133-140.
One of few controlled studies investigating the psychiatric effects of high-dose AAS. The authors go on to estimate the prevalence of mania and hypomania among AAS users, and argue why their estimate is the lower limit.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
38. Midgley SJ: Levels of aggression among a group of anabolic-androgenic steroid users. Med Sci Law 2001, 41:309-314.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
39. Rabkin JG: A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of testosterone therapy for HIV-positive men with hypogonadal symptoms. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000, 57:141-147.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
40. Yates WR: Testosterone in psychiatry: risks and benefits. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000, 57:155-156.
41. Dean CE: Prasterone (DHEA) and mania. Ann Pharmacother 2000, 34:1419-1422.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
42. Bahrke MS: Weight training: a potential confounding factor in examining the psychological and behavioral effects of anabolic-androgenic steroids. Sports Med 1994, 18:309-318.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
43.** Daly RC, et al.: Cerebrospinal fluid and behavioral changes after methyltestosterone administration: preliminary findings. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001, 58:172-177.
One of the first studies to make a correlation between AAS-induced neurochemical effects and behavioral changes in humans.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
44. Aitken C: Pumping iron, risking infection? Exposure to hepatitis C, hepatitis B and HIV among anabolic-androgenic steroid injectors in Victoria, Australia. Drug Alcohol Depend 2002, 65:303-308.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
45. Hallberg M: Anabolic-androgenic steroids affect the content of substance P and substance P(1-7) in the rat brain. Peptides 2000, 21:845-852.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
46. Harrison RJ, et al.: Chronic anabolic-androgenic steroid treatment during adolescence increases anterior hypothalamic vasopressin and aggression in intact hamsters. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2000, 25:317-338.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
47. Schlussman SD, et al.: Effects of the androgenic anabolic steroid, nandrolone decanoate, on adrenocorticotropin hormone, corticosterone and proopiomelanocortin, corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) and CRF receptor1 mRNA levels in the hypothalamus, pituitary and amygdala of the rat. Neurosci Lett 2000, 284:190-194.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
48. Brower KJ: Withdrawal from anabolic steroids. Curr Ther Endocrinol Metab 1997, 6:338-343.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
49. Tennant F: Anabolic steroid dependence with opioid-type features. N Engl J Med 1988, 319:578.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
50. Negus SS, et al.: Lack of evidence for opioid tolerance or dependence in rhesus monkeys following high-dose anabolic-androgenic steroid administration. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2001, 26:789-796.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
51. Johansson P: The effect on opioid peptides in the rat brain, after chronic treatment with the anabolic androgenic steroid, nandrolone decanoate. Brain Res Bull 2000, 51:413-418.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
52. Harlan RE, et al.: Androgenic-anabolic steroids blunt morphine-induced c-fos expression in the rat striatum: possible role of beta-endorphin. Brain Res 2000, 853:99-104.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
53. Yesalis CE: Doping among adolescent athletes. Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000, 14:25-35.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
54. Fingerhood MI: Abuse liability of testosterone. J Psychopharmacol 1997, 11:59-63.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
55.* Brower KJ: Assessment and treatment of anabolic steroid abuse, dependence, and withdrawal. In Anabolic Steroids in Sport and Exercise. Edited by Yesalis CE. Champaign: Human Kinetics; 2000: 305-332.
This book chapter contains the authors' most comprehensive review of clinical assessment and treatment issues, and served as the guide to relevant sections of the current article.
56. Arnedo MT: Rewarding properties of testosterone in intact male mice: a pilot study. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2000, 65:327-332.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
57. Johnson LR: Oral testosterone self-administration in male hamsters. Neuroendocrinology 2001, 73:285-292.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
58. Rosellini RA: The testosterone metabolite and neurosteroid 3alpha-androstanediol may mediate the effects of testosterone on conditioned place preference. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 2001, 37:162-171.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
59. Frye CA, et al.: The testosterone metabolite and neurosteroid 3alpha-androstanediol may mediate the effects of testosterone on conditioned place preference. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2001, 26:731-750.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
60. Kindlundh AM, et al.: The anabolic-androgenic steroid nandrolone decanoate affects the density of dopamine receptors in the male rat brain. Eur J Neurosci 2001, 13:291-296.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
61. Johansson P, et al.: Anabolic androgenic steroids increase beta-endorphin levels in the ventral tegmental area in the male rat brain. Neurosci Res 1997, 27:185-189.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
62. Brower KJ: Risk factors for anabolic-androgenic steroid use in men. J Psychiatr Res 1994, 28:369-380.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
63. Pertusi R: Evaluation of aminotransferase elevations in a bodybuilder using anabolic steroids: hepatitis or rhabdomyolysis? J Am Osteopath Assoc 2001, 101:391-394.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
64. Braseth NR: Exertional rhabdomyolysis in a body builder abusing anabolic androgenic steroids. Eur J Emerg Med 2001, 8:155-157.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
65.** Olivardia R: Muscle dysmorphia in male weightlifters: a case-control study. Am J Psychiatry 2000, 157:1291-1296.
This article from the authors who coined the term, "muscle dysmorphia," examines a variant of body dysmorphic disorder characterized by preoccupation with the perception that one's musculature is too small. Previously labeled "reverse anorexia nervosa" by the same investigators, muscle dysmorphia may possibly underlie many cases of Stage I dependence on AAS.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
66. Phillips KA: A randomized placebo-controlled trial of fluoxetine in body dysmorphic disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2002, 59:381-388.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
67. Brower KJ: Counseling for substance abuse problems. In Counseling in Sports Medicine. Edited by Ray R, Wiese-Bjornstal D. Champaign: Human Kinetics; 1999: 179-204.
68. Ahrendt DM: Ergogenic aids: counseling the athlete. Am Fam Physician 2001, 63:913-922.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
69. Kanayama G, et al.: Over-the-counter drug use in gymnasiums: an underrecognized substance abuse problem? Psychother Psychosom 2001, 70:137-140.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
70. Stephens MB: Ergogenic supplements and health risk behaviors. J Fam Pract 2001, 50:696-699.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
71. Brower KJ: Anabolic-androgenic steroid dependence. J Clin Psychiatry 1989, 50:31-33.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
72. Brower KJ, et al.: Evidence for physical and psychological dependence on anabolic androgenic steroids in eight weight lifters. Am J Psychiatry 1990, 147:510-512.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
73. Hays LR: Anabolic steroid dependence. Am J Psychiatry 1990, 147:122.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
74. Copeland J: Anabolic-androgenic steroid dependence in a woman. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 1998, 32:589.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
75. Brower KJ: Symptoms and correlates of anabolic-androgenic steroid dependence. Br J Addict 1991, 86:759-768.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
76. Gridley DW: Anabolic-androgenic steroid use among male gymnasium participants: dependence, knowledge, and motives. Sport Health 1994, 12:11-14.
77. Pope HG Jr: Psychiatric and medical effects of anabolic-androgenic steroid use: a controlled study of 160 athletes. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994, 51:375-382.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
78. Malone DA Jr: Psychiatric effects and psychoactive substance use in anabolic- androgenic steroid users. Clin J Sport Med 1995, 5:25-31.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
79. Clancy GP: Anabolic steroid use among substance abusers in treatment. J Clin Psychiatry 1992, 53:97-100.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
Recently published papers of particular interest have been highlighted as:
* Of importance
** Of major importance
1. Conway AJ, et al.: Use, misuse and abuse of androgens. The Endocrine Society of Australia consensus guidelines for androgen prescribing. Med J Aust 2000, 172:220-224.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
2. Shahidi NT: A review of the chemistry, biological action, and clinical applications of anabolic-androgenic steroids. Clin Ther 2001, 23:1355-1390.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
3. Basaria S: Clinical review 138: Anabolic-androgenic steroid therapy in the treatment of chronic diseases. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001, 86:5108-5017.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
4. Polsky B: HIV-associated wasting in the HAART era: guidelines for assessment, diagnosis, and treatment. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2001, 15:411-423.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
5. Langer CJ: Clinical significance of weight loss in cancer patients: rationale for the use of anabolic agents in the treatment of cancer-related cachexia. Nutrition 2001, 17(suppl):S1-S20.
6. Morton R: Psychiatric effects of anabolic steroids after burn injuries. Psychosomatics 2000, 41:66-68.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
7. Hart DW, et al.: Anabolic effects of oxandrolone after severe burn. Ann Surg 2001, 233:556-564.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
8. Ferreira I: Nutritional intervention in COPD: a systematic overview. Chest 2001, 119:353-363.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
9. Morley JE: Testosterone replacement in older men and women. J Gend Specif Med 2001, 4:49-53.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
10. Midgley SJ: Dependence-producing potential of anabolic-androgenic steroids. Addict Res 1999, 7:539-550.
11.* Brower KJ: Anabolic steroids: potential for physical and psychological dependence. In Anabolic Steroids in Sport and Exercise. Edited by Yesalis CE. Champaign: Human Kinetics; 2000: 280-304.
A detailed and comprehensive review of the literature on AAS dependence, including evidence, course, predictors, and mechanisms.
12. Copeland J: Anabolic-androgenic steroid use disorders among a sample of Australian competitive and recreational users. Drug Alcohol Depend 2000, 60:91-96.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
13. Midgley SJ, et al.: Risk behaviors for HIV and hepatitis infection among anabolic-androgenic steroid users. AIDS Care 2000, 12:163-170.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
14. Gruber AJ: Psychiatric and medical effects of anabolic-androgenic steroid use in women. Psychother Psychosom 2000, 69:19-26.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
15. O'Sullivan AJ, et al.: Anabolic-androgenic steroids: medical assessment of present, past and potential users. Med J Aust 2000, 173:323-327.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
16. Nilsson S: Trends in the misuse of androgenic anabolic steroids among boys 16-17 years old in a primary health care area in Sweden. Scand J Prim Health Care 2001, 19:181-182.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
17. Irving LM: Steroid use among adolescents: findings from Project EAT. J Adolesc Health 2002, 30:243-252.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
18. Wichstrom L: Use of anabolic-androgenic steroids in adolescence: winning, looking good or being bad? J Stud Alcohol 2001, 62:5-13.
19. Kindlundh AM: Adolescent use of anabolic-androgenic steroids and relations to self- reports of social, personality and health aspects. Eur J Public Health 2001, 11:322-328.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
20. Johansson P: Anabolic androgenic steroids affects alcohol intake, defensive behaviors and brain opioid peptides in the rat. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2000, 67:271-279.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
21. Arvary D: Anabolic-androgenic steroids as a gateway to opioid dependence. N Engl J Med 2000, 342:1532.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
22.* Thiblin I: Cause and manner of death among users of anabolic androgenic steroids. J Forensic Sci 2000, 45:16-23.
This article well documents the influence of psychiatric factors on premature mortality in AAS users. Suicide, homicide, reckless driving, and mixed drug abuse accounted for all 34 cases described.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
23. Clark AS: Anabolic-androgenic steroids and brain reward. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1996, 53:741-745.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
24. Manoharan G: Syncopal episodes in a young amateur body builder. Br J Sports Med 2002, 36:67-68.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
25. Long SF: The effects of nandrolone decanoate on cocaine-induced kindling in male rats. Neuropharmacology 2000, 39:2442-2447.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
26. Phillis BD: Combined cardiac effects of cocaine and the anabolic steroid, nandrolone, in the rat. Eur J Pharmacol 2000, 398:263-272.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
27.* Kutscher EC: Anabolic steroids: a review for the clinician. Sports Med 2002, 32:285-296.
An up to-date overview of the topic for practicing physicians.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
28.** Yesalis CE: Anabolic Steroids in Sport and Exercise. Champaign: Human Kinetics; 2000.
An excellent compilation of well-referenced chapters that cover the full spectrum of AAS-related topics including history, epidemiology, effects on performance, medical and psychiatric consequences, drug testing, prevention, assessment and treatment, and legal aspects. Another chapter is devoted to the use and effects of AAS in women.
29. Pope HG Jr: Anabolic-androgenic steroid abuse. In Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry. Edited by Sadock BJ, Sadock VA. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2000: 1085-1095.
30.* Parssinen M: Steroid use and long-term health risks in former athletes. Sports Med 2002, 32:83-94.
Details information that is useful for informing and counseling potential and current users of AAS.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
31. Torres-Calleja J, et al.: Effect of androgenic anabolic steroids on sperm quality and serum hormone levels in adult male bodybuilders. Life Sci 2001, 68:1769-1774.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
32. Babigian A: Management of gynecomastia due to use of anabolic steroids in bodybuilders. Plast Reconstr Surg 2001, 107:240-242.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
33. Zaugg M, et al.: Anabolic-androgenic steroids induce apoptotic cell death in adult rat ventricular myocytes. J Cell Physiol 2001, 187:90-95.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
34. Haupt HA: Upper extremity injuries associated with strength training. Clin Sports Med 2001, 20:481-490.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
35. Parssinen M, et al.: Increased premature mortality of competitive powerlifters suspected to have used anabolic agents. Int J Sports Med 2000, 21:225-227.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
36. Bahrke MS: Psychological effects of endogenous testosterone and anabolic-androgenic steroids. In Anabolic Steroids in Sport and Exercise. Edited by Yesalis CE. Champaign: Human Kinetics; 2000: 247-278.
37.* Pope HG Jr: Effects of supraphysiologic doses of testosterone on mood and aggression in normal men: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000, 57:133-140.
One of few controlled studies investigating the psychiatric effects of high-dose AAS. The authors go on to estimate the prevalence of mania and hypomania among AAS users, and argue why their estimate is the lower limit.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
38. Midgley SJ: Levels of aggression among a group of anabolic-androgenic steroid users. Med Sci Law 2001, 41:309-314.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
39. Rabkin JG: A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of testosterone therapy for HIV-positive men with hypogonadal symptoms. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000, 57:141-147.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
40. Yates WR: Testosterone in psychiatry: risks and benefits. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000, 57:155-156.
41. Dean CE: Prasterone (DHEA) and mania. Ann Pharmacother 2000, 34:1419-1422.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
42. Bahrke MS: Weight training: a potential confounding factor in examining the psychological and behavioral effects of anabolic-androgenic steroids. Sports Med 1994, 18:309-318.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
43.** Daly RC, et al.: Cerebrospinal fluid and behavioral changes after methyltestosterone administration: preliminary findings. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001, 58:172-177.
One of the first studies to make a correlation between AAS-induced neurochemical effects and behavioral changes in humans.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
44. Aitken C: Pumping iron, risking infection? Exposure to hepatitis C, hepatitis B and HIV among anabolic-androgenic steroid injectors in Victoria, Australia. Drug Alcohol Depend 2002, 65:303-308.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
45. Hallberg M: Anabolic-androgenic steroids affect the content of substance P and substance P(1-7) in the rat brain. Peptides 2000, 21:845-852.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
46. Harrison RJ, et al.: Chronic anabolic-androgenic steroid treatment during adolescence increases anterior hypothalamic vasopressin and aggression in intact hamsters. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2000, 25:317-338.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
47. Schlussman SD, et al.: Effects of the androgenic anabolic steroid, nandrolone decanoate, on adrenocorticotropin hormone, corticosterone and proopiomelanocortin, corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) and CRF receptor1 mRNA levels in the hypothalamus, pituitary and amygdala of the rat. Neurosci Lett 2000, 284:190-194.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
48. Brower KJ: Withdrawal from anabolic steroids. Curr Ther Endocrinol Metab 1997, 6:338-343.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
49. Tennant F: Anabolic steroid dependence with opioid-type features. N Engl J Med 1988, 319:578.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
50. Negus SS, et al.: Lack of evidence for opioid tolerance or dependence in rhesus monkeys following high-dose anabolic-androgenic steroid administration. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2001, 26:789-796.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
51. Johansson P: The effect on opioid peptides in the rat brain, after chronic treatment with the anabolic androgenic steroid, nandrolone decanoate. Brain Res Bull 2000, 51:413-418.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
52. Harlan RE, et al.: Androgenic-anabolic steroids blunt morphine-induced c-fos expression in the rat striatum: possible role of beta-endorphin. Brain Res 2000, 853:99-104.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
53. Yesalis CE: Doping among adolescent athletes. Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000, 14:25-35.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
54. Fingerhood MI: Abuse liability of testosterone. J Psychopharmacol 1997, 11:59-63.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
55.* Brower KJ: Assessment and treatment of anabolic steroid abuse, dependence, and withdrawal. In Anabolic Steroids in Sport and Exercise. Edited by Yesalis CE. Champaign: Human Kinetics; 2000: 305-332.
This book chapter contains the authors' most comprehensive review of clinical assessment and treatment issues, and served as the guide to relevant sections of the current article.
56. Arnedo MT: Rewarding properties of testosterone in intact male mice: a pilot study. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2000, 65:327-332.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
57. Johnson LR: Oral testosterone self-administration in male hamsters. Neuroendocrinology 2001, 73:285-292.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
58. Rosellini RA: The testosterone metabolite and neurosteroid 3alpha-androstanediol may mediate the effects of testosterone on conditioned place preference. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 2001, 37:162-171.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
59. Frye CA, et al.: The testosterone metabolite and neurosteroid 3alpha-androstanediol may mediate the effects of testosterone on conditioned place preference. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2001, 26:731-750.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
60. Kindlundh AM, et al.: The anabolic-androgenic steroid nandrolone decanoate affects the density of dopamine receptors in the male rat brain. Eur J Neurosci 2001, 13:291-296.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
61. Johansson P, et al.: Anabolic androgenic steroids increase beta-endorphin levels in the ventral tegmental area in the male rat brain. Neurosci Res 1997, 27:185-189.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
62. Brower KJ: Risk factors for anabolic-androgenic steroid use in men. J Psychiatr Res 1994, 28:369-380.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
63. Pertusi R: Evaluation of aminotransferase elevations in a bodybuilder using anabolic steroids: hepatitis or rhabdomyolysis? J Am Osteopath Assoc 2001, 101:391-394.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
64. Braseth NR: Exertional rhabdomyolysis in a body builder abusing anabolic androgenic steroids. Eur J Emerg Med 2001, 8:155-157.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
65.** Olivardia R: Muscle dysmorphia in male weightlifters: a case-control study. Am J Psychiatry 2000, 157:1291-1296.
This article from the authors who coined the term, "muscle dysmorphia," examines a variant of body dysmorphic disorder characterized by preoccupation with the perception that one's musculature is too small. Previously labeled "reverse anorexia nervosa" by the same investigators, muscle dysmorphia may possibly underlie many cases of Stage I dependence on AAS.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
66. Phillips KA: A randomized placebo-controlled trial of fluoxetine in body dysmorphic disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2002, 59:381-388.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
67. Brower KJ: Counseling for substance abuse problems. In Counseling in Sports Medicine. Edited by Ray R, Wiese-Bjornstal D. Champaign: Human Kinetics; 1999: 179-204.
68. Ahrendt DM: Ergogenic aids: counseling the athlete. Am Fam Physician 2001, 63:913-922.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
69. Kanayama G, et al.: Over-the-counter drug use in gymnasiums: an underrecognized substance abuse problem? Psychother Psychosom 2001, 70:137-140.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
70. Stephens MB: Ergogenic supplements and health risk behaviors. J Fam Pract 2001, 50:696-699.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
71. Brower KJ: Anabolic-androgenic steroid dependence. J Clin Psychiatry 1989, 50:31-33.
View the PubMed notation for this reference.
72. Brower KJ, et al.: Evidence for physical and psychological dependence on anabolic androgenic steroids in eight weight lifters. Am J Psychiatry 1990, 147:510-512.
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