Not according to Jose Antonio’s study
As
@maldorf mentioned, it is fundamental nutrition/physiology that excess protein is stored as fat. Of the studies referenced, the randomized-controlled trial Bray, G. A., Smith, S. R., de Jonge, L., Xie, H., Rood, J., Martin, C. K., … Redman, L. M. (2012). Effect of Dietary Protein Content on Weight Gain, Energy Expenditure, and Body Composition During Overeating. JAMA, 307(1), 47. doi:10.1001/jama.2011.1918 used a proper intervention and methods: first used a weight-stabilizing diet for 13 to 25 days, followed by 3 groups with overfeeding (different protein quantities) in an inpatient unit to strictly control intake. They used DXA, which is accepted as a valid body composition method. And they found that
Results
Overeating produced significantly less weight gain in the low protein diet group (3.16 kg; 95% CI, 1.88-4.44 kg) compared with the normal protein diet group (6.05 kg; 95% CI, 4.84-7.26 kg) or the high protein diet group (6.51 kg; 95% CI, 5.23-7.79 kg) (P=.002).
Body fat increased similarly in all 3 protein diet groups and represented 50% to more than 90% of the excess stored calories...
From Antonio's study, and outlier in the literature:
This is the first interventional study to demonstrate that consuming a hypercaloric high protein diet does not result in an increase in body fat.
Antonio, J., Peacock, C. A., Ellerbroek, A., Fromhoff, B., & Silver, T. (2014). The effects of consuming a high protein diet (4.4 g/kg/d) on body composition in resistance-trained individuals. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 11(1), 19. doi:10.1186/1550-2783-11-19
This outlier (this warrants skepticism) study did not strictly control intake, rather, it encouraged/instructed resistance trained subjects to "maintain the same training and dietary habits" while the high-protein group consumed 4.4 g/kg/d protein versus 1.8 g/kg/d in the control group. It also used an unusual method for measurement of body composition called Bod Pod (densitometry using
air displacement).